The revolution 100 years ago, created the first Republic in Asia, however, after more than 10 years of chaos shows that between Republican and Imperial entanglements have not subsided. How to Republican road so hard? Associate researcher at the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Institute of history Jie Shen has been engaged in studies of modern history, she thought: by the end of the revolution, before the parties can sit at the negotiating table, we eventually came to "compromise", plays a decisive role, not a "contractual spirit", but a suspension of "balance". Revolutionary Party with agitation, Jiangsu, strength of the constitutionalists and the Yuan clan of Northern Alliance, Imperial, Royal soft thin, was forced to step down. Such a compromise is bound to cause break in the future.
Surging News: the trend in terms of political reform, history of the late Qing dynasty can be said to be a history of advance toward the Republic, but also the history of all the hubbub, many ideas and blueprints are not all point to a Republican, this association with the Republican dilemma exists after the revolution?
Jie Shen: in the late Qing dynasty and the beginning of "arrived in the Republic" in the process, do see many differences, "constitutional" and "revolution" is a reduced score, two points behind, there stood the different faces of the crowd. From 1912, this point of view, "dispel the Manchus" across a full storm, followed by Imperial, Royal, Yuan Shikai, the Northern Department, constitutionalists, a Government officer of collectors, small bureaucracy; Department of tongmenghui, Guang Fu Hui, Wuchang revolutionary, in the "five families" under the banner of a temporary compromise. "The final Empire, beginning of Republic of China", it can be said that "Republican" is a clear psychological refuge of these remarks, surrender of the feast is also a wide variety of times; are each revolution started the revolutionary aims of the storm and constitutionalists, Yuan Shikai abandoning the Royal's "honor." But you know, flags, always the product of a particular political theory and the trend of the times.
From the slogan of "Republic", to the system in the sense of "Republic", and rooted in the people's concept of "Republic", between, the long, divisive. This remote and differences is the "compromise" itself. This was party to reach a compromise, but also unwilling to compromise on the other side. Yan Fu and Yun Yu-ting and Chen Baochen, observations and thoughts on Republican revolution, in their view, the "Republic" by "pistol", "violent clamp, too autocratic 10 times." This was also in response to Liang JI died of sorrow, thought that "meet the new country, how would like to either its reforms", as far as the eye can reach, but is clearly a burning world, a pistol and bribes to fly in the world. After the revolution of China, yan said, "the old is dead, not the new State, disappointed no return" is the era of disorder. Ends with a few months more than 2000 years of monarchy, and there must be a lot of disjointed in the middle. Partisanship, people made fools, all kinds of imperial legacy, ethical and ideological confusion, in the form of different mapping modern twists. From the "complicated", then fold back to the late Qing "cacophony", can be more understanding of the Republican revolution is where to start out, the process and how many people try to establish order. War and politics, including ideological and cultural fields, the dispute is a disorder-order game process.
If put this history period again elongated is, Xin Hai is from monarchy to Republic of transition, Xin Hai zhihou, is on orthodoxy to shared and explained right, and defined right, and control right of disputes, and 1926 began of collapses expedition, is basic end has 1911 yilai about "method" and "Commission", and "method" and "road" of demand, in late Qing dynasty characters gradually fade out stage, new doctrine, and new forces debut, China history from here began, gradually out Xin Hai of heritage, Super away from out e Xu of ideal, into a new of times. From here, monarchy or Republican, up Chinese, "party" and "ISMS" into history keywords. International weekly United States middle class
Yan Fu (left) and Chen Baochen
Surging News: after the revolution, you will not be, which is the result of revolutionaries and constitutionalists wrestle, or are there other reasons?
Jie Shen: "June will not be", this statement reflects this revolutionary history for 100 years of history covered. This is a Xinhai year until present, we of China at the beginning of a common-knowledge. But if you go back to the early, in fact, there are many possible. Without referring to hongxian and Ding Si twice restored. Failure is, of course, but I would like to stress that, and not having this argument "has deeply rooted in the Republic". Need to ask is, both the Republic of China has begun, within just a decade, why are there two monarch again? This is not some conspiracy could lead to a few people, a few factions. Just proves that after monarchy overthrow and political confusions and problems of the various possibilities. Theorists of the hongxian, yangdu Goodnow, and He Changxiong, almost all from the rush of Xinhai revolution, his Republic does not apply to custom talk. Yangdu the Royal Gazette of the nation through stress of the Republican establishment are too sudden, "did not listen to national freedom of research, with minority force." Hongxian failed, yangdu told reporters, admitting that "Constitution problem and I should bear the responsibility, without recriminations, nor escape from far away ... ... As soon as the official Government, I would like to go to the courts bow tried "his Republican rights conferred by, adhere to the King's ideas, which in China is not special in the early Republican objection to blame, is also worthy of our consideration is the complexity of our times. Yuan Shi-kai in such environment of thought and expression, he would like to return the monarchy to rebuild the revolution upset the order of the country. That, is the existence of sentient beings, science. As a result, as observers of the later, you can put aside the first CAC hunkui era language, more calmly regarded monarchy movement, its causes, and the political and social impact.
Yangdu
Speaking of revolutionaries and the collapse, constitutional wrangling, an important reason for this also and the beginning of political. Party people and the Yuan clan, are intended to dominate. This would compromise, political dimensions of vulnerable disorder. From the song to the second revolution, is of Liang Shuming's comment "the cause contributing to taketo forces but cannot but blame revolutionaries"-the second revolution was the beginning of political debate by force. Revolutionary Party, the same size hills, infighting, "the revolution has yet to succeed, ghosts". Cause of Xu Shaozhen reviewed the second revolution failed quickly in his later years, once said: "when people first party for the military Governor, 16, all ambition satisfied, stroke is defeated by Yuan Jun, or cast weapon in the Yuan in an attempt to protect their fame and fortune, is not self-pity and people mourn also. "Xiong Shili also said that after the Xinhai Revolution Party" new bureaucratic smell was appalling "and expose Fu Xiao, luxurious, extravagance all sorts of immoral," media revolution is that changing signs. " So, if the early "vacuum of authority", that is also a multi-dimensional, multidimensional, and in fact it is not a vacuum, but bulls authoritative, too many fights with restrictions, causing political disorder and endless disputes.
Surging News: Qing emperor abdicated his throne, including revolutionaries and Yuan Shi-kai's compromise, compromise with the constitutionalists, and compromise between Yuan Shi-kai and the Court. This seems to be a good place to start, then what we see is the denial of compromise, rather than compromise and abide by, why is that?
Jie Shen: the end of the monarchy, represented the "mandate of heaven" ends, instead of the "hearts and minds" and "public opinion". But Yuan Shikai to intentionally took over the Republic, behind him, the combination of a "hearts and minds" and "public opinion" is sufficient in itself is doubtful; plus the constitutionalists, the old bureaucratic, Vince revolutionaries a strong fight against, the new Republic was already a divided country. Huang Yuansheng said, "to nationals of the non Foundation, mention of the initiative and feelings, after the revolution, Andrew has good fruit!" China's political culture, King defeated Kou has always been the lack of compromise, the history of their fictions, many sections are "stick". By the end of the revolution, before the parties can sit at the negotiating table, we eventually came to "compromise", plays a decisive role, not a "contractual spirit", but a suspension of "balance". Revolutionary Party with agitation, Jiangsu, strength of the constitutionalists and the Yuan clan of Northern Alliance, Imperial, Royal soft thin, was forced to step down. Such a compromise is bound to cause break in the future.
Furthermore, from monarchy to constitutional Government, and political parties is an important one, and should also play a pivotal role in Republican politics. But it cannot be denied that Zhao made constitutional by a rush of revolution, political and social foundations of political parties is not only incomplete, could be said to have not. Therefore, the beginning of the Republic, all of a sudden come up with numerous large and small political parties, political group, in the "Republic" under the banner of alliances, legal power struggle. Revolution man caijimin said "infinite money infinite blood, bought fake poor Republican", Wang Kai-Yun is more straightforward: "was King of Judah, Judah is also, where North and South? All in all, boils, not things. "" Politicians such as carp, planted forest of the party ", this is the beginning of China's political record, their" faith of sectarian views, the Group held erzhawoyu-"National Affairs, hence file invisible; ordinary governance, also damaged in the invisible. Political parties tend to be politicians, not merely in name change, leading to disputes and Government corruption, which people once lost faith in political parties, and to the Republic of China.
Republican political establishment, ushered in more than 10 years of sustained political and soldiers. Until the Northern Expedition and Nanking, before entering a relative forming of party politics. Yuan Shi-kai would like to use the old autocratic (June) to restore power, but he was facing new problems, and old to new diseases, destined to mess; and the national revolution after the party has been formed under the law of the spirit of compromise, on how to build grass-roots organizations lack the capacity. It can be said that the modern China, between the centralized protection of modern building and constitutional, and always full of kink.
Wang Kai-Yun
Surging News: Republican after replacing the monarchy, after a number of repeated, including restoration of Zhang Xun and Yuan Shikai proclaimed himself emperor, what do you think the course of relations between Republican and Imperial?
Jie Shen: as already mentioned, the restoration, almost be considered unfinished and of Xinhai year continues. Factions and interest groups in the dispute is the question of Justice, political ideals, the differences in the meaning of cultural ideals. This is elite-level problem, in addition, there is also a broader, common sense, carried by revolution "go! To go with it! "" Xianyuweixin "" China ".
Tell several stories well. Gu Hongming's talk at the North Hall, says that society is confused, mainly because there is no King, "you're going to say ' law ' (when said in a low voice), no one is afraid; you're going to say, ' law ' (loud, table-pounding), everyone was afraid, less a ' King ' word". During the Northern War rolling, mainland people in the country and asked: "what has become of the Xuantong Emperor? "" Who is now sitting Court? "" Real Dragon Emperor sits on his throne, and the peace of the world, right? "People don't understand what Republican, believes that the world there must be a" true son of heaven ". Two beggars in downtown fight beggar a stern voice said: "today there is still caution, Yes, by the Republic of the Republic into the live, if back to the Emperor, who will not allow people like you are so rampant. My next prayer praying for God's sake, back to the emperor. "And the beginning of an official record of their home villagers, knows only the Emperor, and did not know why the new Republican, in their view," now no law, what is indiscriminate? …… Beijing, Tianjin and Baoding, was robbed, Emperor-free bundle ". Despite a variety of explain the meaning of a Democratic Republic, but "fool say confused, Dian group laugh that deceive" all day long, with no emperor ceases.
This is history in the real image, and Ku Hung-ming said it is consistent, "Emperor" and "Principality" hanging from the top is essential for people, which represents an indisputable order and reverence. And the beginning of many Beijing people standing in a variety of flags, to be changing, including of course the great Qing Empire Longcheer. Longcheer flying inside and outside capital when Zhang Xun restoration is not an accident, nor "speculation" in a nutshell. Emperor remain in Commission in connection with the orthodoxy of Government, played an important role.
Li Jie-ren's documentary in the novel the big waves, Lin and Qiao Beiming overweight talk about "culture speech": "to listen to, always a few words: civilization! Savage! Quintessence! Order it! With me, nothing clear. "" Didn't know ", says not, but people ignorant, Lords of confusion. Liang Qichao in opposition to Yuan Shikai's monarchy's official denunciation of the ISO-o in the issue of the so-called State of, memories Xu Fosu in the revolution, ren Zi said to him: "China cannot but revolution, revolutionary potential without Republicans, Republican regime cannot perish. "National Affairs, warmly, not easily discouraged, such as Liang Qichao, only road" without "," arms could not express pain. " Repeatedly capsized between the monarchy and republicanism, is a natural continuation of the revolution; and since then, by Yan out of the national revolution of the Republic, the party right again with the blue party and overturned repeatedly, it also contains the internal cause of the Chinese revolution.
Yuan Shikai (left) and Zhang Xun
Surging News: corresponds with the political battles and the warlords, after Republican and Republican beliefs not only failed to build up, and the whole circle is also showing a State of extreme confusion, why the new culture movement can break it in this State?
Jie Shen: cultural movement constitute a breakthrough, a "Renaissance", but also to drop in late Qing dynasty "look to the West" trend continuation. The change of Liang Qi-Chao's summary thoughts in modern China, from objects to the three stages of political development and culture, movement to take the "May Fourth", following "new epidemic", June to the Constitution and the revolution, sought to reinvent the third phase of evolution in modern China. Stylistic issues, Confucianism, science and metaphysics, philosophy, cultural orientation, and so on, these debates and ideas, who can go into Central and West, old and new categories, can be regarded as a continuation of the trend of the reform movement, is a product of Western crusade. After the revolution of politicians and academics explore the efforts of Republican politics, can in fact be taper up to hundred days down "to the West" in history. This process lasted from the opium wars to the new cultural movement, all new, selected from the West, pointing to the same goal--the modern transformation of China. The "May Fourth" in the future, a turnaround in the new culture movement, shift from individualism to collectivism, from Britain and the United States turned to the Soviet Union, "to go to the private sector" and the spread of socialism, which broke from the root of the shift of the hundred belonging to reduce people's thinking. This turn, even more deeply than the revolution changed China.
Thought by thought, propelled by a trend to cultural movement, played by the cultural movement to the political transition, which in previous history of the late Qing dynasty to the Northern Expedition, becomes a regular. Zhou said later, looked from the sidelines, "the May Fourth from beginning to end, is a political movement, and the head of a literary revolution, end of the period of new culture movement, is welded on them. If there is no political student this time fighting on the Government's only by two or three publications such as the new youth anyway inferior to advocates, it will not have any major results, time, or will be forgotten by everyone, maybe. " Hu Shi and I've summarized in 1933, modern ideas in China can be roughly divided into two periods, the first period for "Victorian era", from Liang Qichao to new youth, focusing on the personal liberation; second is the "Group (Collectivism) era", bounded by 1923, nationalist, Communist revolution belonged to the anti-individualistic tendencies. From individualism to collectivism, summarizes the movement in the 20 steering precision.
The "May Fourth" new culture really important impact on Chinese history, Chen Xiu alone say "we last awakening last enlightenment" ethical consciousness probably comes next, crucially, this turn led directly to the political power of China's Party and organized. So, the "May Fourth" new culture as simply "the Chinese Renaissance" is very surface view. New culture movement from cultural to political change, complete a connecting link between: take the Western trend of thought in late Qing dynasty onwards, also unveiled the coming revolution.
Surging News: Chen Zhirang gentry in the army regime says in the book, revolution in China was "' regime", after the revolution of China is "the ' regime." In the chaos in the early years of the Republic, the ebb and flow of forces army, Shen, how to play a role in the Republican?
Jie Shen: generally speaking, "Shen-army" is the imperial regime, Foundation for the gentleman and soldier joint; "military-gentry" is military forces grow after 1912, the Executive gentleman's regime into military leadership from top to bottom. That is commonly referred to, the warlords ruled the world. The times, broadly from 1912 until 1949, narrowly delineated in 1928, before the end of the Northern Expedition.
Revolution compromised and chaos at the beginning, brings ' effect of regulatory regimes, there are two of the most important points: politically highly discrete and continues to form the civil war; diplomacy, the warlords not to defend national sovereignty, and less under the influence of nationalism. The most obvious feature is "falling apart", politics, economy and society into factions and regions, central control where laws could not control the army, Lu said "the Republic of China now is five, Song dynasty, Ming is." Further, after the revolution, monarchy collapse, China's formal entry of "modern", but did not become a modern nation-State.
However, also is in people early this ten years of mess as in the, disorder export has new of order: for warlords more advocates Confucian and discipline theory, so and has anti-decency, and anti-traditional; army gentry regime not resistance imperialism, and of relative, elite and people in the is diffuse nationalism; economic Shang preliminary industrialization of expand and political Shang apart phase collision, is various Socialist, and workers ' and peasants ' doctrine, and "labour sacred" looked up. In the context of political, social and cultural movement, in 1921, the Communist Party was founded, 1923-1924 restructuring of the KMT and KMT-CPC cooperation, merged into the revolutionary movement of 1926-1928. Ten years of civil unrest, the Northern has become the fish potential of the collapse, and "down with big powers, with the exception of warlords" Northern Expeditionary army, and were finally overthrown. The northern end, is actually a hundred of China; it left the legacy of the Chinese revolution, nationalism the rise (reaching pole to the war), we start striving for a party, a doctrine, China in the construction of the modern State in all this, is the Northern army landed gentry the reactionary regime, and also to a certain extent, is continuing.
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